Kidney stone symptoms and causes.

 Kidney stones can cause various symptoms, including:

1. Severe pain in the back, side, abdomen, or groin area
2. Painful urination
3. Blood in the urine
4. Frequent urination
5. Difficulty passing urine
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Fever and chills (if there's an infection)

The causes of kidney stones can vary, but they often form when urine contains high levels of certain substances, such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid. Factors that increase the risk of developing kidney stones include:

1. Dehydration: Not drinking enough fluids can lead to concentrated urine, which increases the risk of stone formation.
2. Diet: Consuming a diet high in sodium, protein, or oxalate-rich foods can contribute to stone formation.
3. Family history: A family history of kidney stones increases the risk of developing them.
4. Certain medical conditions: Conditions such as hyperparathyroidism, gout, and urinary tract infections can increase the risk of kidney stones.
5. Obesity: Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of kidney stones.
6. Certain medications: Some medications can increase the risk of stone formation, such as diuretics and antacids containing calcium.

It's essential to consult a healthcare professional if you experience symptoms of kidney stones or if you're at risk due to predisposing factors. They can provide a proper diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment and preventive measures.